Addition Rules in Probability and Statistics

Addition rules are important in probability. These rules provide us with a way to calculate the probability of the event A or B, provided that we know the probability of A and the probability of B. Sometimes the or is replaced by U, the symbol from set theory that denotes the union of two sets. The precise addition rule to use is dependent upon whether event A and event B are mutually exclusive or not. Addition Rule for Mutually Exclusive Events If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of A or B is the sum of the probability of A and the probability of B.   We write this compactly as follows: P(A or B) P(A) P(B) Generalized Addition Rule for Any Two Events The above formula can be generalized for situations where events may not necessarily be mutually exclusive. For any two events A and B, the probability of A or B is the sum of the probability of A and the probability of B minus the shared probability of both A and B: P(A or B) P(A) P(B) - P(A and B) Sometimes the word and is replaced by ∠©, which is the symbol from set theory that denotes the intersection of two sets. The addition rule for mutually exclusive events is really a special case of the generalized rule. This is because if A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of both A and B is zero. Example #1 We will see examples of how to use these addition rules. Suppose that we draw a card from a well-shuffled standard deck of cards. We want to determine the probability that the card drawn is a two or a face card. The event a face card is drawn is mutually exclusive with the event a two is drawn, so we will simply need to add the probabilities of these two events together. There are a total of 12 face cards, and so the probability of drawing a face card is 12/52. There are four twos in the deck, and so the probability of drawing a two is 4/52. This means that the probability of drawing a two or a face card is 12/52 4/52 16/52. Example #2 Now suppose that we draw a card from a well-shuffled standard deck of cards. Now we want to determine the probability of drawing a red card or an ace. In this case, the two events are not mutually exclusive. The ace of hearts and the ace of diamonds are elements of the set of red cards and the set of aces. We consider three probabilities and then combine them using the generalized addition rule: The probability of drawing a red card is 26/52The probability of drawing an ace is 4/52The probability of drawing a red card and an ace is 2/52 This means that the probability of drawing a red card or an ace is 26/524/52 - 2/52 28/52.

Benefits Of Forming A Corporation - 1101 Words

Corporation Student Name: Kerri Robinson Institution: Fitchburg State University One of the four types of firms is a corporation. A corporation is a legally defined, artificial being, separate from its owners. Corporations have as many legal powers that people have. For example corporations can enter contracts, acquire assets, and incur obligations. (Berk DeMarzo, 2014) Choosing the right business structure is very important. Different businesses offer different types of protection against legal action than others. This is why corporations often are popular. A corporation is viewed as its own entity and rarely can someone sue a corporation and go after personal assets of board members. Consider the following advantages†¦show more content†¦(Wolfe, 2016) After reading those great advantages to forming a corporation you should keep in mind that there are disadvantages as well. This section of the paper will review some of the big disadvantages to a corporation. Corporations can be an expensive start up. Often times there are many filing fees. On top of the filing fees, if your corporation is a nonprofit there are even more fees and paperwork to do. Depending on the state you’re in there may be more filling that needs to get done. This may not be a big deal to all but if you are limited on cash to start these fees will add up even if their small. Next corporations have many rules to follow. Corporations must follow certain standards by the law on how they govern themselves. For instance, it is required for a corporation to have a board of directors, hold meetings at determined intervals, and keep certain records. When a corporation sells stock or if they have a members other rules will apply as well. If your business is your idea and passion then you should consider the type of structure to form it as you don’t want to get left out. It is important to understand that one person cannot personally own the corporation. The board o f directors is dictated by federal and state rules. For instance oftentimes family members and spouses cannot serve on a small corporations board at the same time. Another important thing to understand is that even if you start aShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Forming a Business811 Words   |  4 Pages1. List down the advantages and disadvantages of forming a partnership * Collaboration. As compared to a sole proprietorship, which is essentially the same business form but with only one owner, a partnership offers the advantage of allowing the owners to draw on the resources and expertise of the co-partners. Running a business on your own, while simpler, can also be a constant struggle. 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Procedure Skills Free Essays

Lesson planSchool: Colegiul Na?ional M. Eminescu, Ia?i Date: 6th April 2018 Proposer: Popovics Anamaria Mentor’s name: Cetilina Neagu Class: 9th grade, 5 classes/ week Level: B2 Textbook: Upstream Intermediate Lesson type: Integrated skills with focus on consolidating and acquiering vocabulary related to sports and sportspeople Time allowed: 50 minutes Aids: Textbook, blackboard, chalk Aims: Create the opportunity for Ss to use previously acquired language related to sports. Give Ss the opportunity to express their own opinions on different types of sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Procedure Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now Objectives: By the end of the lesson Ss will have retold the text using vocabulary related to sports. Ss will have learnt how to use arguments for their own opinions. Ss will have acquired new vocabulary (adjectives) related to sports. Time and lesson stage Procedure Skills Interaction Rationale and observations2 minutesWarm-up T will ask how was their previous day after school, and also ask them to remember the last text they did Speaking T-Ss To create a relaxing environment and also revise language.10 minutes Controlled speaking practice T: Will ask ss. provide the main ideas from and remember the important words.Speaking T-Ss Teacher can provide key words to trigger the idea and guide them towards what she needs to hear from the students using the appropriate vocabulary.20 minutes Free speaking practice8 minutes Controlled Practice T tasks Ss to describe pictures related to sports and make connections between these and the type of people who would practice the sports.T asks the Ss to solve ex 2 from page 136. The T will explain words along the way and demand synonyms for groups of words and words such as â€Å"centre of the target†, â€Å"daring†. Writing + Speaking +FeedbackPairsStudents will have developed conversational skills through dialogueProvide arguments.Describe by using appropriate adjectives.Paragraph organising.8minutes T puts the students into pairs and asks them to solve exercise 4 from the page 137. The teacher will then place three stickers on the blackboard depicting the words â€Å"interesting†, â€Å"challenging† and â€Å"boring† and ask the students to complete the gaps underneath them with the free-time activities they came up with earlier. Speaking/ PairworkGroupwork Pairs -Agreeing, disagreeing, giving arguments, interrupting, summing up, reporting to the classPeer feedback2 minutes T gives feedback upon the activities and gives homework to the ss : The students will have to revise the conditionals from the end of their practice books and come up with sentences of each conditional type. Speaking T-Ss To revise the previous activities. How to cite Procedure Skills, Papers

Finding Yourself free essay sample

Here is a world which beautiful and terrible things happen. A world which has life on it. So what is life? Life is the existence as a human being. It is being alive, the ability to function and grow. Grow in the sense that it is to experience misery, loneliness, suffering, happiness and all other feelings you’ve thought you will never experience. In other words, life is full of many unpredictable things. â€Å"What is the meaning my life?† I remember the time when I asked myself the same question before. At that time, I was alone and thinking also who and what am I after all? Who am I after many years from now? And who am I before dying? Condone me for uttering death because we really can’t deny that there will be and there will always be death after life. I wonder why great people go into their graves with their greatness still in them. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding Yourself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are not just great because they are famous or what. It’s because they died great because they found their selves. They fulfilled their desires or ambitions. They showed their greatness to people who idolizes them. They proved their selves. That made me realize that life is worthless if you haven’t fulfilled what you want. I also believe in what Mahatma Gandhi, he said that â€Å"where there is love, there is life.† Yah that’s true. The word love is a too broad term. Some say that if you are in loved. Things are brighter, things seems clearer and there is a euphoric feeling of contentment. Think about how you feel when you are in love. You feel unexplainable joy in yourself. To know that someone adores you or loves you unconditionally, seems to make everything alright. You feel like you have everything you wanted to. You feel the contentment and satisfaction†¦ and that’s what life should feel like. Life is so meaningful with the presence of love. I think that now, I must begin to look, look for the things I can do that will put me to some commitment in life. That will enable me to do some things that uses my capabilities that I have and also to feel my contentment, satisfaction and especially happiness. We are what we think we are. We are as old as we feel, as rich as our imagination, as strong as our faith, and as weak as our fears. It is these things that make up life for us. It is our mind, it is us, it is our choices that makes the world and our minds are exactly what we make them. The only thing is that there is no one answer or exact answer to what life’s meaning, because its different for everyone. The meaning of life is to achieve whatever it is we set ourselves to do in our short time on this world.There will always be those who search and search for straight answers but most likely answers they will never find. Whatever your passion, whatever your desire or ambition, fulfill it with your greatest potential and you will find the meaning of your life.

Position Paper To Legalize Alcohol Essays - Drug Control Law

Position Paper to Legalize Alcohol Segregation of a Different Sort "If we [adults between 18 and 21] can still be trusted enough to fight in wars, if we can be trusted enough to vote for our leaders, if we can be trusted enough to have sex, then why the hell can't we be trusted with a glass of wine?" Shamed Dogan By law, anyone 18 years and older will be tried as an adult in court, is allowed to vote, and is required to pay taxes. On one's 18th birthday the law no longer views him as a child yet he is restricted from many places of social activity. Bars and many dance clubs are strictly for those 21 and over due to the legal drinking age in America, so many legal adults are not permitted entry. Clearly a discrepancy exists between an 18 year old adult and a 21 year old adult; however, since they are viewed by law as equals shouldn't they have the same privileges? Obviously certain laws that regulate activities by age are necessary. Voting, alcohol, and driving should not be available to people of any age because of the amount of responsibility these activities require. However the segregation between younger and older adults is unwarranted. Up until 1984 the legal drinking age was 18, however Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) spurred a campaign to raise the age limit to 21. They succeeded with the passage of the National Minimum Purchase Age Act in 1984. (Shamed, Legal Drinking) The law aimed to lower the number of drunk driving accidents, which it has done, but only by a small margin. However, what it has also done is reduce the rights of citizens between the ages of 18 and 21. Americans hold personal freedom to be an undeniable right. The right to drink one's self into a drunken state still falls under the personal rights category; however, this basic freedom is restricted by the implementation of the 1984 law. Instead of being able to have complete control over one's life when they reach the legal age of adulthood, citizens are forced to wait an additional three years for an equal level of freedom. A need for drinking regulation definitely exists, yet it needs to coincide with other laws defining adult privileges. All rights would be gained simultaneously and lowering the legal drinking age to 18 would erase the discrepancy that now exists. Furthermore the temptation to undermine the law through underage drinking would be greatly decreased. For many college students that fall in between years of legal adulthood and legal drinking age, the desire to drink is spurred by getting away with something they are not supposed to be doing. According to "Dan," an English exchange student, the typical college student would not feel the need to have a binge drinking party if he were allowed into the local bar. The need to throw private drinking parties would no longer be prevalent because the accessibility of alcohol would no longer be in question. Lowering the legal drinking age would also create a plethora of social events for those 18 and older. Currently many dance clubs are strictly for those 21 and over because the establishment serves alcohol. This leaves the remainder of the adult populous to find their own forms of entertainment, counter productive or otherwise. If these bored adults were allowed to participate in more activities there would be less people idling on the streets. Society as a whole would be better off because there would be less illegal activity taking place. This could entail underage drinking or more serious matters engaged by those with spare time and nowhere to go. If more young adults were drinking in public places as opposed to dorm rooms the possibility of excessive drinking would be lowered. The number of people present and the way in which bars and clubs are run provide the structured environment necessary to promote safer drinking. It is far less likely for someone to die of alcohol poisoning in a bar than in a private home because the number of people capable of recognizing alcohol related problems greatly increases. The adult population between the ages of 18 and

Report on UBL Essays

Report on UBL Essays Report on UBL Essay Report on UBL Essay Executive Summary UBL is the second largest bank of Pakistan with assets of over Rs. 550 billion and a solid track record of forty six years in addition to the convenience of over 1400 branches serving its customers throughout the country and also at several overseas locations. In this 8 weeks internship program I have worked in Regional Credit Administration Departments (MIS section, Processing section, Documentation section) of this high class bank of Pakistan where I have learned about banking from experienced managers running these sections. During my internship I have found that in banking sector concentration and consistency is of utmost importance. Your little mistake can create a big problem. I have been worked in credit administration department for eight weeks, two weeks in Processing section, two weeks in Documentation section and four weeks in MIS section. This report contains the information and learning about UBL that I learnt during the 8 weeks internship period in United Bank limited. This report deals with Credit Administration Department in which I worked. Recognizing the need of Islamic banking, UBL also provided number of Islamic banking services like Islamic Deposit Schemes and Islamic Fund Based Facilities. At the end of the report, on basis of my observation during internship, financial analysis and SWOT analysis of UBL is provided. Suggestions are also recommended as per learning from analysis. This report will provide a better and brief learning about United Bank Limited. Background of Organization [pic] History of Banking â€Å"Bank is a pipeline through which currency moves into and out of circulation. Bank accepts deposits and repays cash to its customers on their demand. The Bank borrows money at a lesser rate of interest and lends it to the borrowers at a higher rate. It is thus a profit-lending concern. Bank cannot lend all the money that has been deposited with it. It has to keep a certain portion of the total deposits in cash with them in order to meet the cash requirements of the individuals and business concern. Banki ng History Word Bank is said to be derived from the words Banc us or Banque or Bank. The history of banking is traced to as early as 2000 BC. The priests in Greece used to keep money and valuables of the people in temples. These priests thus acted as financial agents. The origin of banking is also traced to early goldsmiths. They used to keep strong safes for storing the money and valuables of the people. The persons who had surplus money found it safe and convenient to deposit their valuables with them. The FIRST STAGE in the development of modern banking, thus, was the accepting of deposits of cash from those persons who had surplus money with them. The goldsmiths used to issue receipts for the money deposited with them. These receipts began to pass from hand to hand in settlement of transactions because people had confidence in the integrity and solvency of goldsmiths. When it was found that these receipts were drawn in such a way that it entitles any holder to claim the specified amount of money from goldsmiths. A depositor who is to make the payments may now get the money in cash from goldsmiths or pay over the receipt to the creditor. These receipts were the earlier bank notes. The SECOND STAGE in development of banking thus was the issue of bank notes. The goldsmiths soon discovered that all the people who had deposited money with them did not come to withdraw their funds in cash. They found that only a few persons presented the receipt for encashment during a given period of time. They also found that most of the money deposited with was lying idle. At the same time, they found that they were being constantly requested for loan on good security. They thought it profitable to lend at least some of the money deposited with them too the needy persons. This proved quite a profitable business for the goldsmiths. They instead of charging interest from the depositors began to give them interest on the money deposited with them. This was the THIRD STAGE, in the development of banking. By experience the banks came to know that they could keep a small proportion of the total deposits for meeting the demands of customers for cash and the rest they could easily lend. They allowed the depositors to draw over and above the money actually standing to their credit. In Economics terminology we can say that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. This was the FOURTH STAGE, in development of banking. When every bank issues receipts and most of them allowed the overdraft facilities, there was then too much confusion in the banking system. The banks in order to earn profits could not keep adequate reserves for meeting the demands of the customers for cash. The failures on the part of the bankers to return money caused widespread distress among the peoples. In order to create confidence among the people, steps were taken to regulate the banking organization. A conference was held in Nuremberg in 1548. It was decided that a bank should be set up by the state, which should streamline the banking organization and technique. The first central bank was formed in Geneva in 1578. Bank of England was established in 1694. The responsibility of issuing of notes is now entrusted to a central bank of each country. Commercial Banking in Pakistan At the time of partition total numbers of Banks were 38 only. Out of these Banks the Pakistani Banks were only 2, Indian Banks 29 Exchange Banks were 7. The total of deposits of Pakistani Banks was Rs. 880 Million. advances were Rs: 198 Million. According to banking companies ordinance Banks are the companies, which transacts the business of Banking in Pakistan. Commercial Banks have constituted the most important part of the intuitional credit in the economy of Pakistan. Being the largest source of credits, Banking Industry is a pivot of whole the economic activities in Pakistan. Section 37(2A) of State Bank of Pakistan Act 1965 lays down that the Banks must have paid-up capital reserve of not less then Rs: 5 Lac fulfilling certain other requirements for declaring as â€Å"Scheduled Bank†. At the time of independence Bank services was badly affected. But with the passage of time these are improving. The government of Pakistan nationalized all Banks in early 1974. This act was done to minimize control of few hands over banking. But this step was proved e futile for the Banking in Pakistan. So the Govt. had to revise its decision in1990. Two Banks (Allied Bank Of Pakistan Limited Muslim commercial Bank Of Pakistan Limited have been denationalized. Since then Banks were working well. Now slogan of the Banks is to serve their customers in the best possible manner. Professor Berton: â€Å"Banks are the guardian distributor of money â€Å". Similarly we can say that it is a pipeline thorough which currency moves into outside the circle. Banks accept deposited of money and repay it on demand. Bank borrows money at lesser rate of interest lends it at higher rate of interest. In this way Banks earn money. Bank do not lend all money they collect, they keep certain portion of it as reserve to meet the uncertain demand of the customer. [pic] Functions of a Commercial Bank In general terms the functions of a commercial bank can be classified under the following main heads. Accepting Deposits Some people have excess money and they want to deposits it to some honest man or an institution which can give them some profit. So the first function of commercial bank is to receive deposit there are three types of deposits. Demand Deposits or Current Deposits Some people deposit their excess money in the current accounts and they can withdraw their money deposited in this account at any time during the banking hours, so bank is not ready to give interest on it Fixed Deposits These deposits are fixed for a particular period. Commercial banks also pay an interest on these accounts. An important thing related to it is the varying interest rates for the different period deposits. Interest rate increases with the increase in the fixed deposit period. Saving Deposits To create the habit of savings, bank accepts the saving deposits and pays an interest on these deposits. And this rate of interest is greater than the demand deposits. Advancing Loans Bank also advances the loans to the merchants and charges the interest. It is the major source of its income. It also issues the loan for short term, medium term and for long term. And bank receives the higher interest from the borrower for the long term loans offered. Discounting of Bill Commercial banks also discount the bills and facilitate the business; for example one businessman purchases anything from another person and promises to pay after one month. The seller will write a bill to the buyer and there will be an order that after one month the buyer will pay the amount to the seller. Buyer will sign on the bill. In other words buyer will accept the responsibility of that amount. If seller is in need of money, he will take it to the bank and will receive the money by discounting the bills. The commercial bank also may rediscount it from the central bank. Cheap Medium of Exchange By issuing cheques and drafts bank provides cheap, medium of exchange. Transfer of Money The commercial bank is very helpful in transferring the money from one place to another by issuing the drafts. This is very popular concept in the modern world and widely used in the business community. Custodian of Precious Articles Banks also provide lockers for the safety of precious articles. So now everyone can secure his precious metals like gold, silver, etc. , and bank charges a very nominal charge for this facility. Agency Services Commercial Banks also perform the duty of an agent. It collects and pays on the behalf of the customers. Investment On behalf of the customers all the banks also make an investment in different companies and industries. And banks receive nominal charge from the customers. Creation of Credit It also creates and extends the volume of credit. Facilitating Trade Activities It also provides the finance to the foreign trade. Letter of credits are issued by the commercial banks for the foreign payments. Purchase and Sale of Securities The commercial bank purchases and sells the securities, for itself and sometimes on the behalf of the costumes. Acting as a Trustee If a client directs his bank to act as a trustee in the administration of a business, the bank performs this responsibility. Role of Commercial Bank in the Economic Development of Pakistan Banks play an important role in the economic development of country. If our Banking system is not in accordance to the economic requirement then how it can play a vital role in our developments. The State Bank of Pakistan is at the apex and all the commercial Banks have to follow the rules of State Bank of Pakistan. Role of the banking sector can be judged by the following facts: Saving Mobilization The commercial Banks namely United Bank Limited Pakistan, Habi Bank Ltd, Allied Bank Of Pakistan Ltd. National Bank has opened Branches in urban areas rural areas to mobilize savings of people. Financing of Development Projects Banks other financial institutions like ADBP, IDBP, and PICIC etc. Advances short medium terms loans for financing of the development projects both in the private public sectors . So they helping to accelerate the rate of progress (Economic) in the country. Enhancing Trade Activities The credit institutions collect the savings of people make them available for facilitating the trade activities both inside outside the country. Creating Climate for Capital Formation A developed baking system stimulates the growth of economy by creating favorable climate for capital formation in the Country. Help of State Bank of Pakistan in Achieving Monetary Publishes Commercial Banks under the supervision guidance of the S. B. P help in implementing achieving the objective of monetary policy, which vary from time to time. Assist In Planned Development Commercial Banks are profit-seeking enterprises. In order to maximize profit they have the incentive from S. B. P to maximize the limit of finance. An organized Banking system keeps balance between the liquidity * profitability, thus assists in the planed development of the Country. Profit Sharing Scheme Commercial Banks receive surplus balance of the households and business pay interest on the deposit of client. The depositors instead of having a fixed return on the deposit will share in the profit loss of the Bank. The profit loss scheme arrangement is the alternative to interest, under an Islamic economic system, which is since on the experimental basis in Pakistan. Introduction to United Bank Limited UBL is the second largest bank of Pakistan with assets of over Rs. 550 billion and a solid track record of forty six years in addition to the convenience of over 1400 branches serving you throughout the country and also at several overseas locations. Date Established November 7, 1959 Chairman His Highness Shaikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan Branches 1400 Domestic, 19 Overseas Branches (Ten countries) Representative Offices Tehran Subsidiary United Bank AG Zurich, Switzerland United National Bank Limited, UK (Joint venture with NBP) UBL Fund Managers Limited Associated Company Oman United Exchange Company, Muscat Offshore Banking Unit Export Processing Zone, EPZ Branch, Karachi, Pakistan Head Office State Life Insurance Corp. Building #1, I. I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi, Pakistan P. O. Box No. : 4306 Phone: (92-21) 111-825-111 Gram: UNITED Fax: (92-21) 2413492 Board of Directors ChairmanCFO Secretary Mr. Atif R. BokhariMr. Obbad Fazal Chief Executive OfficerAuditors Mr. Muhammad Ali1)KPMG Taseer Hadi co. Chartered Accountants. 2) A. F Ferguson Co. Charted Accountants Board of Directors Legal Advisor Mohsin Tayebaly CO Mr. Atif R. Bokhari Chairman/Director Mr. Mansoor KhanDirector Mr. Aameer KarachiwalaDirector Mr. Kashif ShahDirector Mr. Hassan RazaDirector Mr. Mohammad Asghar Director Mr. Ali Sameer farouquiDirector Mr. Saeed IqbalDirector Mir Muhammad AliCEO/Director Audit Committee Mr. Aameer M. Karachiwala Mr. Ali Sameer, Mr. Saeed Iqbal Hierarchy of the Management [pic] Credit Rating Credit Rating by JCR VIS Credit Rating Company Limited June 30, 08 Long Term Rating: AA +’ United Bank Limited is one of the largest Commercial Bank in Pakistan. The Banks long term rating is AA +, which denotes good credit quality. Protection factors are strong. Risk is modest but may vary slightly from time to time because of economic conditions. Short Term Rating A-1+ The short-term rating is A-1+, which denotes the highest certainty of timely payment. Short-term liquidity, including internal operating factors and / or access to alternative sources of funds, is outstanding and safety is just below risk free Government of Pakistans short-term obligations. Term Finance Certificate Rating TFC I: AA TFC II: AA TFC III: AA TFC IV: AA Business Operations [pic] Reorganization of Domestic Operation In 1986, the organizational structure of domestic operations of the bank was reformed and decentralized on the basis of provinces. As a result provincial headquarters were established at Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta in order to meet the needs of sanctioning loans and other facilities to the trade, industry and agriculture of each province. Azad Kashmir was serrated from NWFP and made separate region. The quantum of work immensely increased due to the growth of economic activities and phase of industrialization and other change in Punjab and Sindh. It was also considered necessary to improve the quality of advances and to expedite the recovery process of the loans and advances. Formation of Regional Headquarters The provincial chiefs of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Baluchistan are ceased to function and in their place nine regional chief executives started functioning in the nine major cities. The new segmentation of UBL’s branches on the basis of regions can be looked from the following: Province Wise Region Allocation Provinces |Regions | |Punjab |Islamabad | | |Lahore | | |Lahore East | | |Lahore West | | |Faisalabad | | |Multan | | |Karachi | |Sindh |Hyderabad | | Peshawar | |NWFP | | |Baluchistan |Quetta | | |MuzafarAbad | |Azad Kashmir | | Locations With an integrated network of over 1400 branches in Pakistan as well as Overseas, UBL gives direct access to a comprehensive range of better banking facilities to help monitor the business locally as well as internationally. [pic] Community Services UBL is committed to the welfare of Pakistan. It lends to farmers for the purchase of tractors, superior quality seed and fertilizers. UBL further fosters the individual welfare and well being of the common man by lending house building finance and loans to set up small businesses. UBL has played a leading role in the dissemination of Computer Technology in Pakistan and is dedicated to the promotion of sports. Agricultural Loans Small Business Scheme UBL Computer Training Institute Staff Colleges of UBL UBL Sports Complex Agricultural Loans UBL’s agricultural loans on easy terms and conditions to small-scale land owning farmers boost the country’s economy and yield greener harvests. UBL enables farmers to buy good quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural implements. Small Business Scheme Under the Small Business Scheme, UBL is providing loans on easy terms to those who wish to set up their own small-scale business. This scheme is aimed at spreading prosperity in the country by reducing unemployment. As more and more people start their own industrial units, the country will move steadily towards economic self-reliance. UBL Computer Training Institute UBL is a pioneer in the computerization of banking in Pakistan, and now plays a leading role in the dissemination of Computer Technology in Pakistan and is proud to be a part of the Government’s Computer Literacy Program aimed at preparing the younger generation to meet the challenges of tomorrow. UBL, the leading user of Computer Technology in the Banking Sector has set up most modern facilities at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, and Sheikhupura for imparting training to the educated youth under the Government’s Computer Literacy Program. These centers are equipped with state of the art hardware and audio-visual aids and are manned by experienced professionals. Staff Colleges of UBL The UBL has three staff colleges, which are generating banking trained personnel. These colleges are at Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi, established in 1964, 1978 and 1977 respectively. These staff colleges are providing facilities of training to the employees of the bank so as to meeting the growing need of the banking field and coping with the changing environment of the country. UBL Sports Complex In addition to providing professional banking services, the bank continued to play an important role in the promotion of sports in the country. Towards this end, the bank has already constructed a big sports complex in Karachi, where all types of facilities for sports like cricket, hockey and flood light courts for tennis and basketball have been provided. Corporate Banking Our mission is to serve all your corporate needs and ensure your full satisfaction through product innovation, personalized banking, and top notch service. The CBG department of UBL defines corporate banking in Pakistan. Amongst the local banks UBL CBG is the pioneer in providing innovative solutions to its diversified and satisfied customer base. UBL CBG is considered to be a major player in the financial market of Pakistan. The Corporate Banking Group focuses on attracting and servicing large portfolio customers. Our forte is providing exemplary customer service using the Single Window concept and product superiority. The Relationship Management team manned by highly qualified individuals from the industry has steadily expanded our customer base and continues to enhance our cordial relations with our esteemed clients. Despite the sluggish economic growth in recent years, UBL outperformed all the other local banks in the corporate banking sector primarily due to CBGs emphasis on establishing and enhancing relationships with foreign/local blue chip and middle market customer’s thereby capturing significant market share. UBLs appetite for large exposures coupled with dedicated Structured Finance Unit, and an innovative team of professionals having extensive experience of Corporate Banking gives it the right platform to succeed in todays competitive and a demanding environment. The success of CBG has been established from the fact that UBL received the No. Euro money 2000 Best Local Bank award and recognized it to have out performed all other banks. In year 2000, UBL was also voted as the best Corporate Bank by the customers of a major foreign bank in a survey. Aggressive marketing combined with professionalism has led to an increase in UBLs market share with top corporate customers and in some cases replacing Foreign Banks. Presently, its portfolio includes the quality names in the country, which were initially confined to foreign banks only. Customer Service CBG – Offers full spectrum of services |[pic] |  | Relationship Banking This forms the pillar of our strategy as it is the primary tool towards providing you full satisfaction. Relationship Banking involves: ? Assessing and understanding customer needs ? Providing you advice on your business needs ? Helping you find viable financial solutions for your business problems ? Acting as the primary contact for you Customer Service We believe in customer retention through quality service that would encourage you to continue to bank with us your loyalty. Our UNISERVICE concept strives to attain excellence in customer service. We aim to provide total customer satisfaction through UNISERVICE, which will soon be available at our full-service branches covering: ? Trade finance ? Letters of Guarantee ? Letters of Credit Funds Transfer ? Remittances ? Bill Discounting ? Export Financing ? Credit Extension Product Range When you come to UBL, you get a full range of Products and Services to choose from: Corporate Finance ? Loan Syndication ? Structured Finance ? Term Fi nance Certificates Finance/Credit Extension ? Local Currency Facilities ? Overdrafts ? Demand Finance ? Working Capital Finance ? Import Financing ? Receivable Discounting ? Pre and Post Export Financing ? LMM Funding Trade ? Documentary Letters of Credit ? Standby Letters of Credit Guarantee ? Documentary Collection ? Funds Transfer Investment/Cash Management ? Current PLS Accounts ? Foreign Currency Cash Collection ? Utility Bill Collection ? Capital Market Hybrid Products ? FX Spot, Forwards and Hedging ? Rice/Cotton Financing for Ginners Investment Banking UBL IBG is now known as UBL Fund Manager (UFM). UFM specializes in providing innovative  and unique advice to its clients to  assist them in meeting challenges in an ever-changing market UFM consists of twelve dedicated professionals supported by over 30 relationship managers in six different locations. Rich execution experience ensures  seamless deal closures currently in the process of setting up  fund management f acilities. An active player in the market Current mandates add up to over Rs. 6 billion a healthy mixture of structuring,  advisory and project finance business either leading or participating in almost all the major TFCs Greater flexibility in deal structuring due to access to UBL’s financial resources Close liaison and top-level contacts  with Ministry of Finance, Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan,  Karachi Stock Exchange, State Bank of  Pakistan for swift execution Services [pic] Overseas UBL, with an integrated network of over 1400 branches globally, with 19 overseas locations, gives you direct access to a comprehensive range of better banking facilities to help you monitor your business internationally. We have branches in: ? United States of America ? Qatar ? UAE ? Bahrain ? Republic of Yemen Off Shore banking Unit and subsidiaries in: o United Kingdom o Zurich Credit Administration section When the credit facilities are approved then work of credit administration department starts. It performs two functions: Pre-dispersal function (before advancing facility) Post-dispersal Function (after credit facility is dispersed) It keeps three sections named as: Processing Section Documentation Section MIS (Management Information System) Section Relationship managers (RM’s) bring cases from customers and present to RCAD. RM’s have direct contact with customers. Case first comes to Processing Officer who checks the necessary prudential requirements if so then case is forwarded to Risk Management Department (RMD) otherwise send back to ( RM) to fulfill necessary requirements. Risk Management Department (RMD) verifies attached documents and send back documents after risk analysis and mention how much loan is to issue (under SBP limitations). Documentation Officer verifies the originality of documents attached and finally DAC (disbursement authorization certificate) is issued to customer. MIS keeps record of the customer in computer. And customer account is opened in the UNI bank (it is also software which keeps record that how much loan the customer has availed). Under mentioned process flow diagram present the right picture. Process Flow Diagram of Loan Disbursement [pic] My Learning as an Internee [pic] My Learning in the bank I worked in credit departments Credit Department Deposits are the liabilities of bank while advances are the assets of the bank. To balance these two sides, bank attracts the current as well as prospective customers to deposit their savings by offering high rate of interest/ profit, while in order to increase its assets, bank attracts its customers by Corporate Banking Group (CBG). The Corporate Banking Group at United Bank Limited is dedicated to providing its clients the highest level of service possible. United Bank Limited is dedicated towards developing relationships with corporate clients to service their financial needs worldwide. The Corporate Banking Group manages a high quality asset portfolio being an active player in many sectors including textile, sugar, leather, pharmaceutical, fertilizer, petrochemical, power, automotive, telecommunications, oil and gas distribution, marketing and refining and fast moving consumer goods industries. United Bank Limited offers a full range of financial services to support any or every part of a customers’ business transaction. Each solution is tailored to meet their specific business objectives. Working Capital / Term Loan Corporate banking group works closely with customers to understand the dynamics of their business so that it can anticipate and serve short-term and long-term funding needs in the most efficient manner, drawing from the full range of its resources and capabilities. Small and Medium Enterprise Group SME Group strives to apply a unique blend of finance, industry and technological expertise to keep pace with dynamic markets and translating insights into solutions that meet diverse financial needs. Documents Required for Providing Credit facility All facilities whether long or short term in nature is reviewed annually to evaluate that how a borrower has performed during its most recent fiscal year. Such reviews are conducted based on written analysis. Such analysis communicates to the credit approving officers the information needed for arriving at a credit decision. A credit presentation package consists of the following documents: ? Credit Approval (CA) ? Obligor Risk Rating Form ? Basic Information Report ? Borrower Basic Fact Sheet ? Financial Spreads ? Financial Projections (For Term Financing) ? Credit Memorandum ? CIB Report checking ? Bank/Market checking Credit Approval Package (CA) CA form is a complete document in which RM describes true position of the company. This form once completed summarizes the aggregate credit risk being approved, description of individual credit lines, and details of security obtained against each line. Credit application has two parts, in the first part we define the facilities which we provide to the customer. Like ? NICF (Hypo) ? NICF (Pledge) ? LC (Letter of credit) ? LG (Letter of Guarantee) ? FE 25 Second part of credit application consist of ten contents which describes way we giving felicities to customer. Purpose of submission / synopsis of transaction ? Industry / Strategy ? Financial Analysis ? Security Support ? Probability of Default ? Sources of Repayment ? Key Risks along with mitigating factors ? Relationship Strategy ? Conclusion Approver’s Comments / Observations In each of above content we have to write clear description about the customer Borrower Basic Fact Sheet (BBFS) It’s the responsibility of relationship manager at credit department to collect as much information about custome r as possible at the time of initiation of a relationship. BBFS consist of true information about the customer, board of directors and their residential addresses. Basic information Report (BIR) It consists of industry information. If it is a group of companies, partnership or private limited then it consists its business code. It also provides actual business address, phone number, industry name etc. MIS officer consider BIR while putting informations in CARS (Credit Analysis and Reporting System) Obligor Risk Rating Form (ORR) This form enables to weigh all United Bank Limited credits regardless of type, nature, or location of the borrower. Risk ratings are assigned on an obligor level on a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being the highest quality risk and 10 being the lowest, classified as doubtful of recovery. Risk Ratings are assigned and approved when credit is initially extended and is updated annually. Risk rating is also reviewed immediately and accordingly adjusted, if necessary, whenever there is a material adverse event such as adverse classification of the credit facilities. Financial Spreads Purpose of this form is to meet financial analysis requirements. This form consists of five pages, which are developed on â€Å"Excel† system. A summary of financial statements is automatically generated which also provides key financial indicators, growth historic patterns, and ratio analysis. Relationship manager analyzes three years historic audited-financial statements, as well as the recent financial statements. Financial Projections Financial projections are prepared by customers, which forecast their performance in near future. Financial projections help credit department to determine the expected assets and liabilities position and cash generating ability to repay debts. Credit Memorandum Credit decisions are made on the basis of the contents presented in this document. Credit memorandum is prepared with precision and accuracy of information. A well-structured credit memorandum usually evolves around the following topics: Purpose of presenting the credit memorandum Relationship background of borrower with United Bank Limited Relationship profitability Relationship strategy Management assessment Financial Analysis Bank/Market checking These checking provide unbiased information about borrower, which is obtained, from his customers, competitors, and suppliers. Credit checking on borrower is also obtained by manager from his bank. CIB (Credit Information Bureau) Report Checking CIB report depicts that how much customer has availed exposure from different banks allover Pakistan. UBL is one of few banks of Pakistan which has centralized information reporting system i. e. CARS and CREAMS. Through CARS data is directly reported to State bank of Pakistan. State Bank carries informations from all of the banks in Pakistan and shows full exposure of the very customer in CIB report. Covenants Check-offs In term lending multiple covenants, financial as well as qualitative, are imposed by lenders. At the time of annual review of the term facilities it is checked that if borrower adheres to these covenants. Steps involve in Credit advancement process includes: Customer relationship (customer must open current account with the bank) Customer’s facility request Credit application Facility offer Types of Loans Basic purpose of credit department is the advancement of loans to its customers. Loans are basically of two types: Funded Facilities In funded facilities bank’s cash is physically involved. Funded facilities include: Running Finance Term Finance Finance against Bill Purchased (FBP) ? FBP (Own Acceptance Purchase) ? FAFB (Finance against Foreign Bill) ? Export Refinance Part-I SBP (pre-shipment) ? Export Refinance part-I SBP (Post-shipment) Export Refinance part-II (SBP) ? Forced Acceptance ? FIM (Finance against Imported Merchandise) ? FATR (Finance against Trust Receipt) ? Dollar Financing (Pre-shipment) Non-Funded Facility In non-funded facility bank’s cash is not physically involved. Non-Funded facilities include: o Sight L/C o Usance L/C o Acceptance o Gu arantee (L/G) Term Finance It’s a long-term finance facility, which is acquired to purchase fixed assets of a business. Customer borrows from bank a fixed amount repayable either in periodic installments or in lump sum at a fixed future time. Utilization of term finance decreases with the payment of installments. Payment tenor ? I year Over 1 year ? 1-5 years Syndicate Financing Such financing is used to finance some mega project. Equity of the firm is considered when providing this type of financing. The credit-requesting firm must maintain its 40% equity. To meet remaining capital requirements the firm signs a syndicate in which three or four banks jointly finance the project. One of these banks will be the leading bank, which contributes major portion of financing. So the leading bank has the major share in the installment amount received from the borrower. Money Market Deal It’s term finance. This type of financing is between banks. Different banks interact with on e another. If a bank has more over night funds available, which are not in use, then banks offer different rates to lend or to acquire those extra funds. Finance against Foreign Bills (FAFB) When the exporter needs finance before the payment date, he can give the bill of exchange to the negotiating bank and get the finance against that bill. In this case the bill is given as security. Ownership is not transferred to the bank. FAFB is the post -shipment finance. Foreign Bills Purchased (FBP) When the bank purchases the bills then ownership/title of security is transferred to the bank. So the bills become the property of the bank. Finance against Imported Merchandise (FIM) This type of finance is related with sight L/C. in this type of finance, the goods imported are taken by the importer’s bank as the security. As the demand for goods arise, the importer get the units of goods according to the demand from bank and pays markup and amount for that much amount of goods. Finance against Trust Receipt It is also related with sight L/C. when the goods arrive at the port, then in order to release the goods, the importer needs documents. If the importer has not yet made payments then the importer’s bank gets a Trust Receipt signed by the importer for the time period for which the bank, for releasing the goods, gives the documents to him. It’s a strong legal document. If the importer refuses to make payment after getting his goods, then the bank against him can take a strict legal action. Collateral/Securities Collateral is the amount of assets the applicant has available for use in securing the credit. The larger the amount of the available assets, the greater the chance that a bank will recover its funds if the applicant defaults, A review of the applicant’s balance sheet and any legal claims filed against the applicant’s assets can be used to evaluate the collateral. Types of Securities Pledge Pledge is the advancement of loans against the security of current assets i. e. inventory, trade receivables. In this type of security the ownership and possession of the security is with the bank. Mortgage In this type of security, the credit is given against immovable property i. e. land, building. Bank has the right to sell the property if the payment is not made. Types of Mortgage English Mortgage Equitable Mortgage Token Registered Mortgage Full Registered Mortgage English Mortgage In this type of mortgage the mortgagor (applicant) binds himself to repay the mortgage money on a certain date, and transfers the mortgage property absolutely to the bank. The banks will re-transfer both the possession and ownership of that property upon the payment of the mortgage money. Full Registered Mortgage In this type of mortgage the applicant will fully registered his property. More commission is charged in this case. Token Registered Mortgage In this type of mortgage, small portion of the property will be registered with the registrar office while the remaining will be equitable mortgage. In this way less commission will be charged. Equitable Mortgage In this type of mortgage, the bank will take all the title deeds from registrar office. A memorandum of â€Å"Deposit of title deeds† is signed by the mortgagor in whom he mentions that he is giving his property as the security to the bank. After the bank takes title deeds there will be no copy of the title deeds with the registrar. In case of equitable mortgage the ownership is with bank and possession is with customer. Bank’s Lien Lien is the banks right to withheld property until the claim on the property is paid. In lien the borrower remains the owner of the property while the possession is with the bank. Bank has no right to sell the property. Hypothecation It’s a legal transaction in which the goods may be taken as security for a debt without transferring either property or possession to the lender. It’s a security against current assets. Security is granted by means of the letter of hypothecation. Charge Charge is the right of payment out of certain property. Charge gives the right of pledge, hypothecation, mortgage and lien. Banks have to register their charge/right with SECP (Securities and Exchange Commission Pakistan). SECP maintains the records of all the companies i. e. what are the assets of companies, their board of directors. Every limited company keeps its records with SECP Charge involves ranking. Pari Passu In ranking if the customer (company) has already taken loans from other banks then SECP ranks those banks. The settlement of the loan amount will be done according to the ranking of the banks. In case of Pari Passu the bank from which the customer is going to get facility is ranked equivalent to the first/highest priority bank. in this case the priorities of other banks will decrease. For this the customer has to obtain NOC (No Objection Certificate) from other banks. Guarantees A guarantee is the promise by one person, called the guarantor, to another for answering the present or future debts of a second person called the principal debtor. Types of Guarantees UNITED BANK LIMITED issues the following types of guarantees depending on the needs of the customers: ? Tender Guarantees (Bid bonds) ? Performance Guarantees ? Advance Payment Guarantees ? Financial Guarantees Letter of Credit International trade involves numerous factors such as payment for imports in the exporter’s country, shipment of goods within the limitations prescribed and difficulties of enforcing legal rights in the foreign country etc. Therefore, to overcome these impediments a system has been enforced, this system is represented by ‘Letter of Credit. The letter of credit is today the foremost way of financing international trade. In simple words, a letter of credit (L/C) can be defined as: â€Å"A bank’s written undertaking given to the exporter for payment of a certain sum of money on behalf of the importer provided the exporter tenders to the bank, or its overseas agents, the specified documents within a specified period in accordance with the terms of the undertaking†. There are four basic parties involved in an L/C: ? Importer ? Issuing Bank ? Exporter (Beneficiary) ? Beneficiary’s Bank Advantages of an L/C Following are some of the main advantages of a letter of credit: Since a letter of credit is opened only for the importers with established credit standing, the exporter is sure of receiving the price of his commodity and there is no need to check the credibility of the importer. An exporter may obtain necessary finance immediately on shipment under a letter of credit (through negotiation, OD Buying). A letter of credit may help the importer to meet its financial difficulties. He may obtain some finances against the L/C (as FIM, FATR etc. ). Similarly, an L/C enables the exporter to obtain finances from his bank, for the operations of production even before shipment (e. g. Pre-shipment finance). Forms of a Letter of Credit Revocable L/C â€Å"A revocable letter of credit may be amended or cancelled by the issuing bank at any moment, without prior notice to the beneficiary†. This form of letter of credit gives the buyer maximum facility but it places the seller in difficult position when the goods are in transit and the credit is revoked before the documents are presented and payment has not been made on presentation which is the cause of great loss to the seller. Irrevocable L/C â€Å"An irrevocable credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to accept and pay the bills drawn upon it so long as the terms and conditions stipulated in the letter are fulfilled†. This form of letter of credit can be amended or cancelled only with the agreement of all parties to it. Therefore, it gives the seller complete protection. In Pakistan, all banks including united Bank are permitted to open irrevocable L/C’s only. Confirmed Unconfirmed L/C’s A confirmed credit is the one that has been confirmed by the advising bank. By confirming a credit, the bank agrees to take the liability of making payment to the seller if the issuing bank defaults for any reason. â€Å"When an issuing bank authorizes or requests another bank to confirm its irrevocable credit and the latter has added its confirmation, such confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of such bank (the confirming bank), in addition to that of issuing bank, provided the stipulated documents are presented and that the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with. † Whereas, an unconfirmed credit is one that exclusively depends upon the issuing bank’s obligation. The parties to the present day international trade transactions prefer a confirmed irrevocable credit because it is an instrument of highest quality which ensures the payment to the seller by the advising bank while the buyer is assured of receiving the documents of title to goods, as specified in the terms of credit. Types of a Letter Of Credit There are two main types of an L/C that are being practiced. Sight L/C â€Å"If the beneficiary of a credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is a Sight Credit†. In this form of credit the exporter draws a sight or demand draft (DD) payable at the counters of the advising bank or the bank specified in the letter of credit. The draft (bill of exchange) is paid on presentation provided that all the other terms of the credit have been complied with. Usance L/C When a credit stipulates payment to the beneficiary upon the maturity of a bill of exchange drawn under the terms of the credit, it is an ‘acceptance credit’, ‘terms credit’ or Usance credit†. In this form of credit the beneficiary draws a draft for a particular Usance (e. g. 30, 60 or 90 days etc. ), payable upon either the correspondent bank or the issuing bank. In normal practices, UBL opens Sight L/C’s because in Sight L/C the importer first pays the L/C amount (invoice price) to the issuing bank and then gets the possession of documents. So the bank becomes secure in this way. L. C keeps Performa invoice which keep major essentials in bullets forms. Performa Invoice Its essential elements are written as; ? Seller company name Buyer company name ? Buyer and seller company’s bank’s names ? Commodity ? Quantity ? Unit price ? Total price ? Payment procedures ? Delivery ? Port of loading ? Port of destination ? L. C beneficiary (must be seller) ? Amount and quantity with percentage of error ? L. C expiry date ? L. C opening date ? L. C must be opened before expiry date ? Vessel ( ship’s name) Qualifications for an Importer to Get an L/C Issued A Letter of Credit cannot be opened on behalf of a person unless he fulfills the following requirements: ? The person must be an account holder of UBL. ? No person can be an importer without first being registered with EPB. So the person must have valid import registration with Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) of Pakistan. This registration is not necessary for those who have been exempted from it. ? The person must process a valid membership certificate of Trade Organization, licensed and recognized by Federal Government like a Chamber of Commerce. ? The person must possess a valid NTN (National Tax No. ) certificate. ? The person must have the Sales Tax Registration Certificate. ? Obtaining of Import License is no more required. Stock Reports Stock reports are sent by the external auditors which are registered evaluators to UBL. They evaluate stock of the company lying in the godowns. They give final words whether these following essentials are up-to-date. Fire extinguishers ? Stock replacement ? Godown condition ? Guard residence permanent or not ? Stock condition ? Tagging over the stock ? Evaluation of stock in terms of million rupee ? Insurance against fire and burglary MIS officer check these report s and inspect whether these amounts mentioned in the stock reports are according to the security issued. If above mentioned any thing is not up-to-date. Then the stock report is considered unsatisfactory and debit is blocked till the company corrects its unsatisfactory items. I separated the reports which keep the unsatisfactory items. CREAMS (Credit Risk Environment’s Administration Management System) UBL is from few Pakistani Banks which keeps centralized information system. CREAMS is one of them. CREAM is highly customizable and parameterizes able software. CREAM is developed with the ideology that it can operate in all parts of the world. Certainly there are different operational, monitoring and regulatory requirements depending upon the region where the bank is operating. Further more; a single bank may operate in more than one region of the world. Parameterization lets CREAM behave according to the requirement of the region. This customization is a one time initiative and once CREAM has the requisite information, it will behave according to the bank’s requirement. This section will explain the all CREAM setup screens one by one. It must be noted the once the Parameterization phase is completed by bank then bank must lock this section. That is only authorized person (Mostly Credit Head) can enter to this section, not every one who is using CREAM application. All the Screens below have some common buttons which is going to be explaining here once with their short cut keys. Action Buttons Add Button (Alt + A): Used to add a new record Edit Button (Alt + E): Used to edit an existing record. Delete Button (Alt + D): Used to delete a record Cancel Button (Alt + C): Used to cancel a ongoing action of add, edit. Navigation Buttons First Button (Alt+F): Used to see First record. Next Button (Alt+N): Used to see the next record of the existing opened record Previous Button (Alt+P): Used to see the previous record of existing opened record. Last Button (Alt+L): Used to see the last record. Print Button: Exit (Alt+X): Used to exit from the current screen. If any one of action buttons (ADD / Edit / Delete) is disable on any screen then it means that the user don’t have a right of that action. Working of CREAMS Its working is mainly divided into three parts ? Part-1(Setup( Parameterization) Section ? Part-II( Post Granting Section ? Part-III( Transaction Section Part-1(Setup (Parameterization) Section) This part consist of many set ups but most prominent are country, region, branch, currency, about credit policy, Collateral setup etc. About Document Linkage Screen Path: Setup(Documentation(Document Linkage Screen It is the main screen we define that against which entity (like Facility, collateral) which document we require. It depends on the bank’s policy and varies from bank to bank. For example if a bank says that for the facility â€Å"FE-25, they require the document â€Å"Dollar Demand Promissory Note†. For this We Use the following screen to link the Document Dollar Demand Promissory note† against the Facility â€Å"FE-25†. This Screen is used to Link a Document against the Following entities. ? Legal Status (Also Called Customer Type) ? Facility ? Collateral ? General [pic] Field Name |Description | |Document Name |Not Given by user here. Populated here from Document Setup | | |(Setup(Documentation Setup(Document Setup. ). select the document fro m the | | |list | |Critical |If the disbursement is not possible without receiving this document then | | |marks it as a critical here. |Legal status |If a document required against the legal status (Customer type like | | |Public Limited company) of a customer then select the type as Legal | | |status. When we select the legal Status then it will show the entire type| | |name on the right. So from there the user have to select the type name. | |Facility |If a document required against the Facility then select the type as | | |Facility. When we select the Facility then it will show the all | | |facilities on the right. So from there the user have to select the | | |Facility name | |Collateral |If a document required against the Collateral then select the type as | | |Collateral. When we select the Facility then it will show the all | | |Collaterals on the right. So from there the user have to select the | | |Collateral name | |General |If there is a general type of document then select it as general. | |Linkage Action(insertion |It means the document is required only once. | |Linkage Action(renewal |Do you u need this document on renewal of customer if yes then also | | |select it. |Linkage Action(Enhanced |Do you need this document on Enhancement if yes then select it also | |Linkage-(Manual Insertion |Tick this check box of if you want manually insert this document | |Linkage Action (OTT |Do you need any document on OTT if yes then also select it. | About Collateral Set up: Path: Setup( Parameters (Collateral( Collateral Type Screen Here we can add a new collateral accordingly banks requirement. Collateral is an extra comfort obtained by a bank from its customers requesting funded or unfounded facility from a bank. Collaterals are usually valued asset which the customer hands over to the Bank as an assurance for the Bank in case of a ny default. [pic] [pic] Part-II( Post Granting Section This section contains much more setup but two more important are customer setup and facility set up. Which are as follow: Path: Post Granting( Customer Setup [pic] Path: Post granting ( Approval Package ( Approved Facilities [pic] Part-III( Transaction Section When the User will select the action of Extension or Extending Current Expiry of an Approval Effects of this Action Current Expiry in Approval Record screen will be changed to New Expiry which you will enter using this screen. [pic] |Field |Description | |Action Taken |Extension | |Approval Authority |Selection of the Name of Approval Authority | |Action Date |Date on which Approval Action is performed on this Approval | |Approval Action Code |Its an informative field | |Action Description |User can provide any extra information related to this transaction | |Approval Current Expiry] Old Expiry |CREAM will retrieve its Current Expiry from the database | |New Expiry Date |User will provide new expiry date | View of the Screen When Action is blocked [pic] Field |Description | |Action On Facility |Select the action from the drop down menu list as â€Å" Blocked† | |Action Date |The date of action. | |Action Description |Give description if any about this action | |Customer Facility Action Code |An informative field | |Facility Name Description |An informative Filed. It will show the Name of Facility and its | | |Description . Comes here from Customer Facility Screen. | About Document Transaction Screen Path: Transaction ( General ( Documentation Transaction User can do the following actions against the documents which we have already defined against the entities Customer type, Collateral Type, Facility General [pic] CREAMS is very wide software and can’t be explained in short with full understanding. These snap shots show its major features. CARS (Credit Analysis Reporting System) Consumer blue forms are generated for individual and sole proprietorship accounts. I worked in CARS (business software). At initial stage, I worked over consumer blue forms and entered consumer record in the software. I was assigned work to enter record of various customers in the software and I fulfilled my duty diligently. Following details should be entered in the software. If single of them is missing, blue form is considered incomplete keeping insufficient data; ? New and old NIC ? Gender ? Customer and his/her father/husband name ? Date of birth ? Home address ? Business name and address ? Security which is to be pledged Account Tagging Account tagging is also a part of CARS. Parties which have availed loan facility from UBL are tagged in CARS with their specific accounts. In UBL indiviual and sole proprietor account is tagged with 6160777. While partnership, public and private limited accounts are tagged with State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) provided group and subgroup codes. Templates are provided by UBL from which we could check whether the account comes under indiviual or private limited option. After confirming from templates account is tagged under their respective heads. RM’s (Relationship Managers) when record informations of customers, they wrongly put the account numbers of the customers as; ? Tagged with tetra eight ? Tagged without tetra eight ? Wrongly tagged ? Indiviual ? Final tagged RM’s (Relationship Managers) some times due to negligence mention account numbers in above mentioned ways. The above mentioned account’s informations are as Tagging with Tetra eight As RM’s (Relationship Managers) by negligence, some times tag the accounts with tetra eight i. e. account number is shown as (8888). It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Tagging without Tetra eight RM’s (Relationship Managers) sometimes mentiuon account without tetra eight (8888) and keep them blank or untagged. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Wrongly Tagged: RM’s (Relationship Managers) sometimes wrongly tag the account. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Indiviual RM’s (Relationship Managers) mention the account by individual’s account which is tagged by (6160777) in UBL. It is to tag indiviual and sole proprietorships by 6160777. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Final Tag When the account is tagged, it is final account and confirmed. There is no need to review but it may be that mistake is made in tagging. FRN Tagging FRN is a number which is made by joining branch number with account number. i. e. if account number is 3457896 and account is opened in branch number 28 then its FRN number will be 283457896. Each customer is also tagged with FRN number. Report Viewing CARS have also option to view many reports like account tagging summary, blue form, central liability report etc. Most common report is blue form. After construction of blue form its report is viewed and prints out is taken for record. Product, Solutions and Services [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] UBL Wallet [pic] UBL Wallet ATM / Debit Card is all the convenience security you desire and the quality you deserve. This Wallet holds all the cash in your bank account. With UBL Wallet you can withdraw cash at ATMs any time, or make cashless purchases at outlets through the Debit Card facility. With no joining fee and an accompanying complimentary cardholder for your convenience, UBL Wallet has been designed to exhibit the best in features and facilities, as well as look feel. Because at UBL, you come first UBLs dedicated staff is at your service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can call our contact centre at 0800-11-825 (Toll-Free), or you can simply pick up the telephone placed next to every UBL ATM and be instantly connected to our customer service representative via a hotline Online Banking [pic] With UBL’s state of the art online banking, you can access your account from more than 350 branches located in 71 cities across Pakistan. Your account gets to travel with you and can be accessed throughout Pakistan, Now UBL enables you to do all the following Transactions in minutes through designated online branches. Salient features of online banking are: ? Cash Deposit ? Cheques Encashment ? Stop Payment ? Account Statement ? Funds Transfer (Account to account / IBCA) UBL Credit Card UBL Credit Card Features Welcome to the world of UBL Credit Cards. Pakistan’s 1st Chip Credit Card that guarantees you both enjoyment and high value. It assures you global acceptability in more than 22 million establishments worldwide in 130 countries and in more than 12, 000 outlets within Pakistan The UBL Credit Card †¦.. Mazay Mein Raho. ? This unique high tech CHIP guarantees your security while conducting transactions within Pakistan and around the world. CHIP based credit cards have proven to be the most secure way of conducting credit card transactions globally. ? No more tedious points to accumulate or boring catalogues to redeem from. Win your prizes instantly! ? Visit selected UBL Chip Reward outlets and get exciting gifts on the spot. The more you visit, the more you get. All you do is dip the Chip to win free meals, free household goods, free electronic items, free clothes and a lot more. ? A Choice of Rewards Along with exciting Chip Rewards you has a choice between Free Road Miles and Free Talk Time. ? Spend Rs 5000 anywher e on your UBL Credit Card and get guaranteed 3 liters petrol free from any PSO outlet nationwide. If you spend more, you get more. So keep driving, keep smiling. [pic] Spend Rs 5000 anywhere on your UBL Credit Card and get guaranteed 30 minutes free. What’s more, you get a free Mobilink Postpaid Connection with your UBL Credit Card. If you spend more, you get more minutes. So talk freely, stay connected. [pic] UBL Business Partner [pic] UBL Business partner†¦ a complete solution to all your Business Financing needs, With UBL Business Financing facility, you can now take your business to greater and newer heights, and achieve the level of success that you truly deserve. UBL Business partner is a running Finance facility that not only provides funds for growth but also enables you to capitalize on profitable opportunities. With UBL Business partner, now you will surely say: Ab Hui †¦ Kamiyaabi Meri Manzill. What is Business partner? â€Å"It is a ‘Credit Line/ OD Facility’ against Residential Property. It is an evergreen credit line that the customer can use for his/her business expansion† TezRaftaar [pic] Free Doorstep Remitta

Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer by Wendell Berry Essay

Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer by Wendell Berry - Essay Example As a writer, I would have to sacrifice an association that I am dependent upon and that I treasure.† However, people should not reject the new technology to use the less advanced typewriters and pencils. The current and future work-related opportunities depend on computers. The chart for â€Å"Projected STEM Job Growth 2010-2020† indicates a seventy percent increase in the jobs that will require advanced technology. People will need skills in more advanced technologies than the pencils and typewriters to work in the computer industry. For example, it will be necessary for the prospective workforce to know how to use the advanced technology to execute different tasks. In addition to the job prospects in the computer industry, the contemporary world uses computers in every aspect of life, and people of different age brackets utilize the current technology. The chart for â€Å"Daily Computer Use by Age Group† shows us that the use of new technology has increased by t wenty-five percent across all age groups. For instance, people use the modern technology such as the instant messaging service and Skype to communicate with their peers in different localities. Thus, the high use of computers indicates that the typewriters and pencils are less helpful in the current and future world.  

In line with China's economic reform, the Chinese judiciary has Essay

In line with China's economic reform, the Chinese judiciary has undergone formalization and institutionalization. What are the - Essay Example It is necessary to mention that China has experienced numerous transformations during the past two decades. An important trigger of judicial system transformation was the upheaval of China’s economics. China’s reform in the judiciary system is triggered by two main factors. The first factor is protecting China’s nation and proving to Chinese people that they are in safety; thus a social stability is guaranteed. The second factor is a market economy would experience a better development under the influence of a credible legal system. Therefore there is a strong background of judiciary system development in China. Nevertheless there are advantages and disadvantages that occurred in the result of the reform introduction. An intention of China to hold a world’s leading position enabled its people to have more contacts with the international society. As a result, a social dislocation instead of a reserved social system occurred in China (Chow, 2009). The matter of human rights is often neglected in different countries because of imperfection of a judiciary system. ... A brief overview of China's Judicial System In historical context, Chinese judicial system has experienced four main periods of changes. During the period of the Communist Party governing (1949 -1956) the main goal was to create a â€Å"socialist legal system† (Kamis, 1997). Further on, in 1954, â€Å"the Organic Law of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China† was introduced in China. After this period, the people’s courts consisted from: â€Å"the Supreme People's Court, the higher people's courts, the intermediate people's courts, and the basic people's courts† (China’s Judicial Reform, 2001). During the next 10 years (1956 -1966) the legal system in China couldn’t develop properly due to the activities of representatives of the 'Anti-Rightist Movement' and the like organizations. The next decade (1966 – 1976) was marked by a Cultural Revolution in China and has essentially broken under the influence of the revolutionar y processes. Starting from 1979 China has experienced a rapid growth of marketing sector because of high-speed economic development. There was a gradual development of a judiciary system and different people courts were established in China. Therefore, it is clearly seen that judiciary system of China has no options for self-perfection because of historical processes in this country. Therefore there is an urgent need in the reform of judiciary system in order to ‘smooth the sharp corners’. People's courts were wide-spread at different levels and gave hearings to criminal and civil cases. The SPC and the courts of the higher level deal with various cases (both criminal and civil ones). The main role of SPC is to supervise the compliance with the

Does Being Socially Responsible Impact Corporate Sales Revenue Research Paper

Does Being Socially Responsible Impact Corporate Sales Revenue - Research Paper Example As it has been said that the business has to return something back to the society where it is operating and it is the responsibility of the corporations operating in the society to return back and this has been termed as ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’. The fundamental goal of the business is to provide the shareholders with profits as Milton Friedman wrote in his article â€Å"the only social responsibility of the business is to increase the business profits of the shareholders†, yet CSR has played an important role in influencing the customer to purchase the company’s product (Beurden, and Gossling, 407-408) In recent decades the concept of corporate social responsibility has gained a lot of support from businesses as well as the society as this strategy provides the company to survive and differentiate itself in the market environment. This strategy is aimed to provide the customers with the products according to their need by assuring the eco-friendly environment and the advancement of the society. 1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH By applying the concept of corporate social responsibility the businesses are said to have higher impact on the sales of the company’s product. It had been noted that the company that implements the social responsibility have higher sales volume than other companies. It has also been found that this emerging trend has gained exceptional popularity with the passage of time as this social responsibility focuses on the economic, ethical and legal components rather than focusing on single idea of profit for the stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility is one of the business strategies that business people have shown their support for as this strategy focuses on responding to the society priorities and expectations with positivity and willingness. The economic component focuses on the profitability of the company. This is the foundation of the business that keeps the business keep going on. The second component of the corporate social responsibility is the ethical which focuses on the commitment to do what is right and to avoid any process that might harm the environment or the society. The last but not the least component of CSR is the legal component which is to obey the laws and regulations of the country and to do what is acceptable by the country and to avoid those procedures that are ignored by the society. 1.3. IMPACT OF CSR ON BUSINESS Corporate social responsibility plays an essential role in the success of the business. It not only retains the employees and the customers of the company due to their higher satisfaction le vel but also helps the company to attain new customers on behalf of their contribution towards the sustainable development of society (Jose and Patrice, 4). Corporate social responsibility helps the company to enjoy many benefits. Some of the benefits that a company enjoys due to such a strategy are strengthened brand positioning,

The Industrial Revolution, 1780-1914

The Industrial Revolution, 1780-1914 To what extent can the period in Britain between 1780 and 1914 be termed correctly as an industrial revolution? â€Å"The industrial revolution is precisely the expansion of undeveloped forces, the sudden growth and blossoming of seeds which had for years lain hidden or asleep.† Paul Mantoux’s quote regarding the industrial revolution is used to describe the range of different phenomena that constituted this watershed moment in British, European and world history. This is because the industrial revolution cannot be pigeon‑holed. It was not a government policy and none of what occurred politically, socially, culturally or economically in Britain between 1780 and 1914 came from design but rather was the result of a historical accident of a sequence of key factors all occurring during the same timeframe. The period represented a transition from early modern history to modernity, with many of the social and economic ills that arrest much of the contemporary world today first acted out in the newly industrialised areas of the UK in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The industrial revolution affected the entire structure of British society, from the monarchy to the previously numerically dominant peasant classes, from agricultural workers to merchants. There is no doubt that a momentous shift had taken place: the far‑reaching legacy of the changes that occurred during the period 1780 and 1914 culminated in the Great War where the casualty figures soared into the millions as opposed to the thousands who were, for instance, killed in the Battle of Culloden, testimony in itself to the enormous changes in machinery and industry that was witnessed during this revolutionary time. Yet to describe it as a ‘revolution’ invites further analysis. Although the transformation was wholesale it would be incorrect to think of Britain in 1780 as being an underdeveloped nation. As is always the case when taking a chronological look at history, it becomes apparent that the period immediately leading up to 1780 was a crucial time in laying the foundations for the sweeping changes which were about to take place. By this point in history England had the fastest growing empire of any of the traditional European powers, was in possession of the largest navy in the world (essential in terms of acquiring and maintaining an empire in the eighteenth century) and was home to a true metropolis with regards to the capital city. â€Å"The dominance of London was fully established, and this had helped to create that integration and rationalisation of the cultural, political and economic life of the nation which was to bring significant benefits in the eighteenth century.† In many ways, Britain during this time was a country that had already shed its medieval skin. The huge shift in the number of people who had to work to survive proves the truth in the assumption that England had ceased to be a society based along the middle ages notion of landed aristocracy and its inherently unpopular feudal system. Thus, English history bore witness to the birth of the modern proletariat; â€Å"not here meant in the special sense of the creation of the factory labour force, but as a broad description of the protracted process by which working for wages, characteristic of perhaps a quarter of England’s population during the reign of Henry VIII, became the condition of more than 80 per cent by the mid nineteenth century.† In certain areas of Britain the social, political, cultural and economic changes that this period of history bequeathed constitute a complete, grass roots revolution whereby the look of certain places in 1914 bore no resemblance to their appearance in 1780. While the early modern period that preceded the industrial revolution saw the growth of London and trade, the period of the later 1700’s saw the north of England experience something of a re‑birth, as a direct result of the industrial revolution. Previously, many areas of the North were little more than buffer towns; populations constructed to keep out any potential Scottish invasion from the north but offering little to the growth of the English economy. But the industrial revolution altered the entire relationship between North and South, re‑instigating a sense of purpose in the people north of Birmingham. â€Å"Many once great centres were on their way to the pleasant obscurity of county rather than nation al fame: York, Exeter, Chester, Worcester, Salisbury.† First and foremost, the industrial revolution, exacerbated by the increase in production of cotton in the North‑West after the 1770’s and the invention of Arkwright’s water‑frame, swelled the physical constitution of the population and began a permanent migration away from the countryside to the towns as a result of industry gradually usurping agriculture as the lifeblood of the nation. Liverpool, for example, was seventh in the list of European capital cities by 1850 with Manchester ninth. This had the overall effect of creating urban centres of concentrated wealth with large sectors of the new proletariat class. Yet it would be incorrect to view this creation of new centres of populace as tantamount to a re‑distribution of political power. The political system in Britain ensured that power remained in the hands of the privileged, traditional sectors of society which were still predominantly based in or around London and the South‑East. Until the Great Reform Act (1832) rotten boroughs and anachronistic political modelling resulted in the great northern cities such as Leeds, Sheffield and Manchester having only a fraction of the electoral power that their numbers suggested. But even after 1832 there was no political revolution in England in spite of the continued, and in some areas accelerated, growth of industry and population. Marx and Engels had written their communist manifesto in the 1840’s predicting that the enormous sociological changes that England in particular was experiencing would lead to the birth of Europe’s first truly socialist nation. But there were very few recorded incidents of social unrest as a result of the industrial revolution and examples such as Peterloo (1819) were isolated and meagre in comparison to the widespread class revolutions that the continent witnessed in 1848. â€Å"The true explanation is quite simple: wealth. Class conflict was deferred to the twentieth century when international markets and industrial wealth in the North began to contract and working‑class standards of living levelled off or actually fell.† It was not only the physical make‑up of England that was shifting as a result of the changes seen since 1780 but also the period saw the birth of an entire sub‑nation within the British Isles, namely the people of the industrial heartland of South Wales. Quite simply, without the undoubted industrial revolution, areas such as the Rhondda and Ebbw valleys would remain largely unpopulated today. Rates of urban and social growth in South Wales during the nineteenth century are truly astounding with consequences that the region has yet to come to terms with today. â€Å"The Rhondda demonstrates, albeit to an extreme degree, the nature of the new urban expansion. It was a society of migrants, often far removed from their geographical roots: in 1911, only 58 per cent of the Rhondda’s people had been born in Glamorgan. The rest of Wales supplied 19 per cent, England 7  per cent. A sixth of the population was drawn from ‘elsewhere’, from Ireland and Scotland, but also from Spain, Italy and other lands. The community was disproportionately young and male. Between 1880 and 1914, males generally comprised at least 55 per cent of the population.† South Wales thus became a frontier nation, completely dependent upon coal for subsistence; it would not exist as we know it today were it not for industrialisation. The example of the new nationality which was borne out of the South Wales coalfields was symptomatic of the broader diffusion of ethnicity that the industrial revolution bequeathed to modern Britain. The influx to British cities of huge numbers of Irish after the potato blight of the 1840’s changed forever the local political, cultural and economic landscape. Along with a large influx of Jews, mostly displaced from Eastern Europe, the immigrants to British cities transformed the fate of the nation; most were willing to perform the worst jobs which enabled grater numbers of the local population to move up the complex industrialised social spectrum. London, in particular, became, during the nineteenth century, a haven for traders, merchants and, increasingly, knowledge with the first university college of London esta blished in 1826. â€Å"It was a progressive, enquiring energy which animated all of these concerns. It has been termed the energy of empire since the vast power and resourcefulness of nineteenth century London, at the centre of the imperial world, had somehow managed to infiltrate all aspects of its life.†Ã‚   Indeed, it can be argued that the all‑encompassing Empire of the latter part of Queen Victoria’s reign could not have occurred without the impetus of the inexorable industrial revolution beforehand. The invention of steam alone necessitated a rail work and domestic infrastructure capable of supporting an empire and, of course, economic imperialism was used much more frequently by the British invaders of India and Africa, as opposed to the militaristic imperialism which characterised the German acquisition of territory after the Franco‑Prussian War (1870‑1). Therefore, politically, socially and culturally, Britain was moving forward with great haste without instigating anything remotely close to a revolution in spite of the huge changes already described. Only in terms of economics can this historical period really be seen as fundamentally altering the composition and character of the country, with industrialisation creating the world’s first truly capitalist society. â€Å"This was the period when Britain enjoyed to the full the economic benefits of having become ‘the workshop of the world.’ Her total exports in 1850 were worth  £71  000  000, in 1870 they were worth nearly  £200  000  000. Her imports trebled in those years from  £100  000  000 to  £300  000  000†¦ whichever way it is looked at, the total wealth of the country was growing fast, and it was more widely distributed throughout the community than before.† The measure of the level of industrialisation ought to be gauged in social and political as well as economic terms. Yet, as contemporary Latin American analysts are discovering, facts and figures pertaining to these phenomena are notoriously difficult to calculate. Economically, however, it is apparent for all to see that the growth of Britain between 1780 and 1914 can only be explained in revolutionary language, as a direct result of an unprecedented industrial revolution. There is no doubt that the period 1780‑1914 was the key timeframe in terms of the British experience of the industrial revolution. The difficulty for historians is the phraseology: revolution implies one key date, a dramatic event and a sudden shift of national focus discernible after that occasion. In comparison to France, for example, British history at this time appears anything but revolutionary – the French experienced three revolutions by the time that the Third Republic was declared passed with the defeat of Napoleon  III. Evolution, as opposed to revolution, would therefore be a more accurate term to describe the myriad of changes that beset British society and political life during this period. And where there did occur a revolution, it took place in factories across the country, in coal fields and the birth of trade unions rather than in the execution or dissolution of monarchy and tradition. Much of the greater social, cultural and political changes that occurred after 1918 were as a result of the groundwork cemented during the period 1780‑1914, none greater than the formation of a society based upon class, itself a direct legacy of the industrialisation of the nation, as E.P. Thompson concludes in his own inimitable dissection of the social consequences of the industrial revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"This collective class consciousness was indeed the great spiritual gain of the Industrial Revolution, against which the disruption of an older and in many ways more humanly comprehensible way of life must be set†¦the slow, piecemeal accretions of capital accumula tion had meant that the preliminaries to the Industrial Revolution stretched backwards for hundreds of years. From Tudor times onwards this artisan culture had grown more complex with each phase of technical and social change.† BIBLIOGRAPHY P. Ackroyd, London: the Biography (Chatto Windus; London, 2000) P. Clark P. Slack, English Towns in Transition, 1500‑1700 (Oxford University Press; Oxford, London New York, 1976) P. Jenkins, A History of Modern Wales, 1536‑1990 (Longman; London New York, 1992) P. Mantoux, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (Metheun; London, 1961) P. Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: an Economic History of Britain, 1700‑1914: Second Edition (Metheun; London, 1983) F. Musgrove, The North of England: a History from Roman Times to the Present (Basil Blackwell;   Oxford, 1990) J. Rule, The Vital Century: England’s Developing Economy, 1714‑1815 (Longman; London New York, 1992) D. Thompson, England in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914 (Penguin; London, 1978) E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Penguin; London, 1991) E.A. Wrigley, People, Cities and Wealth (Basil Blackwell; Oxford, 1987)